Council of the European Union & United States

Council of the European Union: The Council of the European Union initially upheld the classification of Alphabet Inc.'s conduct as an infringement, reducing the fine but largely confirming the Commission's findings, which was then affirmed by the higher court.

United States: The United States, through its officials, has criticized some European enforcement actions, arguing that heavy regulation and substantial financial penalties could affect innovation and investment, indicating ongoing trade disagreements.