European Union & Brunei

European Union: Jaishankar met EU HRVP Kaja Kallas; discussion on sidelines.

Brunei: Deepened bilateral cooperation with India, especially in emerging technologies, under Act East Policy.

European Union: Issued a separate statement reaffirming the 2016 ruling as a landmark decision.

Brunei: Claimant in the South China Sea; not a signatory to the statement.

European Union: Attended meetings, concerned about Middle East and regional stability.

Brunei: ASEAN member with South China Sea claims, affected by disputes.

European Union: The EU is a sanctioning bloc that bans imports of oil products made from Russian crude, yet received 214 million euros of such products in July, undermining its sanctions.

Brunei: Brunei is a minor participant, with refineries using Russian crude exporting refined products to sanctioning countries.

European Union: The European Union has implemented bans on oil products made from Russian crude, but some refined products from countries processing Russian crude still find their way into EU ports, indicating challenges in enforcing sanctions.

Brunei: Brunei is mentioned as a country whose refineries use Russian crude to export oil products to sanctioning countries.