European Union & Sudanese Armed Forces

European Union: The EU imposed sanctions targeting Sudan's gold trade to cut war financing, reinforcing its role as a key diplomatic actor in the conflict.

Sudanese Armed Forces: The SAF loses access to EU markets for gold from northern and eastern regions, potentially weakening its war financing.

European Union: The EU is the primary actor, agreeing to establish the MRCC and funding it alongside Italy and Malta. This reinforces its role in managing migration.

Sudanese Armed Forces: The Sudanese Armed Forces, led by Khalifa Haftar, control eastern Libya and are cooperating with the EU on the MRCC.

European Union: Boosted sanctions on Sudan's gold trade, banning purchase and import of Sudanese gold.

Sudanese Armed Forces: Regular army also targeted; state-owned mining companies sanctioned for channeling gold revenues.

European Union: The European Union is expected to coordinate with France and Italy in the formation of the post-UNIFIL coalition.

Sudanese Armed Forces: The Sudanese Armed Forces are recognized for their role in maintaining security and are expected to take a larger role with international support after UNIFIL's departure.

Sudanese Armed Forces: The Sudanese Armed Forces are one of the warring parties in the civil war, responsible for tens of thousands of deaths and millions displaced. They were excluded from the Berlin conference and their government criticized the event.