European Union & Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air

European Union: The EU is the primary actor, adopting the 21st sanctions package to pressure Russia. This reinforces its role as a key geopolitical player and may strengthen its internal unity.

Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air: CREA provided research on Kulevi's Russian crude imports, contributing to the sanctions decision.

European Union: The EU is a sanctioning bloc that bans imports of oil products made from Russian crude, yet received 214 million euros of such products in July, undermining its sanctions.

Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air: CREA provided the data on India's Russian fossil fuel imports and refined product exports, serving as a key source for the analysis.

European Union: Member states may be affected by tariffs; EU has its own sanctions.

Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air: Provided data on Indian purchases of Russian crude.

European Union: The European Union ranked fourth among buyers of Russian fossil fuels, with imports worth €1.3 billion, half of which was LNG.

Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air: The Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) is the European think tank that published the report detailing India's reduced imports of Russian fossil fuels, providing key data and analysis for this event.

European Union: The European Union has implemented bans on oil products made from Russian crude, but some refined products from countries processing Russian crude still find their way into EU ports, indicating challenges in enforcing sanctions.

Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air: The Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) is a European think tank that provides data and analysis on India's fossil fuel imports from Russia, highlighting the scale and trends of this trade.