International Monetary Fund & World Trade Organization

International Monetary Fund: The International Monetary Fund is one of the multilateral institutions whose effectiveness has been weakened by rising nationalism and geopolitical tensions.

World Trade Organization: The World Trade Organization's dispute-settlement role has been diminished, leading countries to rely more on bilateral agreements and local currency settlements, which could reduce economic efficiency and heighten financial stability risks.

International Monetary Fund: The International Monetary Fund has been urged by France's finance minister to do more to help countries most vulnerable to the fallout from the Middle East conflict.

World Trade Organization: The World Trade Organization>>> warned that the conflict was straining global energy supplies.

International Monetary Fund: The International Monetary Fund is referenced through its former chief economist, Maurice Obstfeld, who commented on the potential for a protectionist wave against Chinese imports if China's export surge continues.

World Trade Organization: The World Trade Organization rules are mentioned in the context of the European Union's current low tariffs on China, indicating the framework within which trade disputes are typically addressed, though the EU is considering actions beyond these rules.

International Monetary Fund: The International Monetary Fund>>> is mentioned as reporting on China>>>'s high subsidies in manufacturing.

World Trade Organization: The World Trade Organization>>> rules are cited as a reason why traditional anti-dumping and anti-subsidy instruments take too long.