Iraq — Central Bank of Iraq & United States

Iraq — Central Bank of Iraq: The Iraq — Central Bank of Iraq has played down the risks of a major banking crisis, but the intelligence report suggests its efforts to mask vulnerabilities through state-backed credit programs and loan restructurings are creating an 'explosive' situation.

United States: The United States, under President Donald Trump, had previously loosened some sanctions on Russia, which complicated Europe's efforts to enforce sanctions, though a waiver for oil sales expired in mid-June.