Brunei & India

Brunei: Deepened bilateral cooperation with India, especially in emerging technologies, under Act East Policy.

India: Enhanced diplomatic ties with Brunei, PNG, and participation in Quad, reinforcing its Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific strategy.

Brunei: ASEAN member with South China Sea claims, affected by disputes.

India: Participated in Quad and bilateral meetings, advocated for safe waterways and counter-terrorism.

Brunei: Brunei is a minor participant, with refineries using Russian crude exporting refined products to sanctioning countries.

India: India is the central actor, importing record volumes of Russian crude and serving as a refining hub. Its reliance on discounted Russian oil supports its energy security but risks further sanctions pressure from the U.S.

Brunei: Brunei is mentioned as a country whose refineries use Russian crude to export oil products to sanctioning countries.

India: India has significantly increased its crude oil imports, particularly from Russia, to meet its energy demands and benefit from discounted prices. This strategy has helped India maintain energy security and boost refining margins, making it a major player in global oil trade.