Iran & Yemen — Presidential Leadership Council

Iran: Iran is the main actor, sending IRGC personnel and equipment to bolster Houthi capabilities, risking confrontation with Saudi Arabia and the U.S.

Yemen — Presidential Leadership Council: The council ordered limited confrontation to avoid dragging Yemen into wider war, but its authority is challenged by the escalation.

Iran: Iran is accused of backing the Houthis, and the conflict risks drawing Yemen into the wider US-Iran confrontation.

Yemen — Presidential Leadership Council: The PLC represents the internationally recognized government and has vowed to respond to Houthi actions, contributing to the escalation.

Iran: Iran backs the Houthis and is engaged in a broader conflict with the US and Israel. It issued new demands for reopening the Strait of Hormuz, including lifting the naval blockade and compensation, while negotiating with Oman on maritime routes.

Yemen — Presidential Leadership Council: The Yemen — Presidential Leadership Council represents Yemen's internationally recognized government and called for international action against the Houthis.

Iran: Iran is accused of backing the Houthis, and the escalation is linked to the U.S.-Israeli war on Iran, increasing geopolitical risk.

Yemen — Presidential Leadership Council: The council, led by Rashad al-Alimi, represents Yemen's government and warned of threats to shipping and supplies.

Iran: Allegedly pressed Houthis to close Bab-el-Mandeb; engaged in ongoing war with US; received ceasefire proposal from mediators.

Yemen — Presidential Leadership Council: Yemen — Politics of Yemen body; concerned about Houthi mobilization.