Saudi Arabia & United States — Joint Chiefs of Staff

Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia shot down drones targeting its oil facilities, launched from Iraq by Iran-backed militias. Houthi attacks on Red Sea oil infrastructure threaten its export routes, and the Jazan refinery was shut after an attack.

United States — Joint Chiefs of Staff: Chairman Caine advised Trump on the limits of airpower and stockpile concerns. The JCS plays a key advisory role.

Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia, via its crown prince, urged de-escalation, reflecting regional interests in stability and oil market predictability.

United States — Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs, through Caine, have voiced concerns about military limitations and resource constraints, influencing presidential decisions.

United States — Joint Chiefs of Staff: The United States — Joint Chiefs of Staff, through its chairman Dan Caine, provided briefings to Donald Trump regarding the military operation against Iran.