Saudi Arabia & Popular Mobilization Forces

Saudi Arabia: Participated in joint strikes and defended against drone attacks on oil facilities. Energy infrastructure remains vulnerable to Houthi attacks.

Popular Mobilization Forces: Suffered at least 20 killed and 32 wounded in U.S.-Saudi strikes. Iran-backed militia coalition in Iraq.

Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia is the primary target of the threatened attacks and has been responding militarily. The escalation threatens its energy infrastructure and diplomatic de-escalation efforts.

Popular Mobilization Forces: The Popular Mobilization Forces, an Iraqi umbrella of militias, are reportedly involved in the planned attacks from the north, linking Iraq to the regional escalation.

Saudi Arabia: Joined US strikes on Iran-backed groups in Iraq for the first time publicly; faces Houthi blockade.

Popular Mobilization Forces: Iran-backed paramilitaries in Iraq; suffered at least 20 killed and 32 wounded in US-Saudi strikes.

Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia joined U.S. strikes against Iran-backed militias in Iraq, marking a new phase. It faces drone attacks on its oil facilities and a Houthi blockade, threatening its energy exports and regional stability.

Popular Mobilization Forces: The PMF, an Iran-backed Iraqi paramilitary coalition, was targeted by U.S.-Saudi strikes, suffering at least 20 killed. It remains a key proxy in the conflict, with significant autonomy.

Saudi Arabia: Regional power affected by the conflict and Houthi attacks; supports diplomatic resolution and has urged restraint.

Popular Mobilization Forces: Iraqi militias targeted by US strikes; their attacks on Saudi oil facilities escalate tensions.