United States — United States Department of Homeland Security & Mahmoud Khalil

United States — United States Department of Homeland Security: Oversees ICE; involved in the alleged conspiracy.

Mahmoud Khalil: Plaintiff and central figure; his legal battle against deportation and this lawsuit define the event.

United States — United States Department of Homeland Security: DHS oversees ICE; its enforcement action was blocked by the court.

Mahmoud Khalil: Similar activist whose case was overturned by another appeals court; cited as contrast.

United States — United States Department of Homeland Security: Enforcing immigration laws; involved in Mahdawi's arrest and deportation efforts.

Mahmoud Khalil: Similar case; earlier appeals ruling against him set precedent for Mahdawi.

Mahmoud Khalil: Mahmoud Khalil is a former Columbia University activist whose case is likened to Salah Sarsour's, as he also faces deportation due to federal government claims of being a foreign policy threat.

Mahmoud Khalil: Mahmoud Khalil is the central figure in this event, facing potential re-arrest and deportation due to a federal appeals court ruling. His legal team is appealing to the Supreme Court to prevent his removal from the United States.