Jerome Powell & John Roberts

Jerome Powell: Powell remains a Fed governor after his term as chair ended; a DOJ criminal investigation into him was dropped, removing a threat to Fed independence.

John Roberts: Chief Justice Roberts authored both majority opinions, balancing expansion of presidential power with protection for the United States — Federal Reserve.

Jerome Powell: Jerome Powell, former Fed chair, chose to remain as a governor after his term ended, citing concerns about threats to Fed independence. His presence adds weight to the defense of the central bank's autonomy.

John Roberts: Chief Justice John Roberts wrote the opinion that allowed Cook to remain while contesting her firing, but noted the president could try again with proper notice. His ruling shapes the legal path forward.